ABSTRACT
In June 1935, under the pretext that the Chinese forces in the Inner Mongolian province of Chahar had briefly detained four Japanese military agents (known as the Zhangbei Incident), the Guandong Army protested and demanded a series of new concessions from the Chinese. Meanwhile, Japanese aircraft sent to the Beiping area and units of the Guandong Army to the Jehol border threatened military actions. Under pressure, Qin Dechun, head of the Department of Civil Administration of the Chahar provincial government, reached an agreement with Doihara Kenji, chief of the Japanese military intelligence in Manchuria and north China, on June 27. The Chinese government agreed to (1) apologize to the Japanese Army and dismiss responsible officials; (2) guarantee Japanese citizens right of free movement in Chahar; (3) abolish all Guomindang organizations in Chahar; (4) replace Song Zheyuan as governor of Chahar; and (5) remove Song's 29th Army from eastern Chahar and create a demilitarized zone in that region. The Japanese also presented a number of other demands, involving Chinese support for the establishment of Japanese control over Mongolia, but the Chinese have since denied that they were accepted.
