ABSTRACT
The fatwås and other statements issued by these three scholars found their way into the Persian exile press published in Istanbul, Cairo and Calcutta, as well as Yverdon. The resistance movement opposing absolutist rule in Iran, objecting to the closing down of the new parliamentarian system, found support, as well as legitimacy, in the edicts of these ulamå . As mentioned earlier, the edicts issued by the three ulamå called for a jihåd to establish a constitution and to protect ithnå ashar¥ (Twelve Imam)
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Persian exile press used these religious edicts to call for unity among Iranians and advance their own political objectives.
