ABSTRACT
This section opens by considering the concept of a ‘surface’ and how exchanges at this interface produce climatic effects. It then considers the corresponding relations for a volume rather than a plane. Finally, it explains how surface influences are conveyed to the boundary layers adjacent to the surface. For simplicity the arguments will be restricted to the case of heat exchange and temperature near an ‘ideal surface’. The generality of these concepts will become apparent in the rest of the chapter which includes the cases of momentum and mass exchange and their related climatic effects.
