ABSTRACT
The early 1900s witnessed the replacement of the traditional Siamese-Malay tributary system with a new Siamese advisor system in Kelantan, Kedah and Perlis. By the Anglo-Siamese arrangement, three Englishmen were appointed in the Siamese Malay states: they were W.A. Graham to Kelantan (1903), C.G. Hart to Kedah (1905) and A. Duke to Perlis (1907).1 Alongside the Siamese advisor in Kedah was a British resident consul. This arrangement, which was based on a nicely judged balance of compromise and competition, suited both the British and Siamese governments.
