(b) Greenland and South America compared 21 1.5 Selected countries of the world and states of the USA compared 22 on three different scales 2.1 The state of the world around 1500 28 2.2 The political geography of Europe around 1500 29 2.3 The world in the 1760s on the eve of the War of American 31 Independence 2.4 The fifty-one founder-members of the United Nations at the end 35 of the Second World War 3.1 The twelve major regions of the world used represented 47 according to their population size 3.2 The demographic transition model (a) Author’s modification of the basic model 53 (b) Relationship of birthrate and deathrate to annual rate of 53 change of population for selected countries 3.3 Demographic irregularities (a), (b) Population structures of China (1982) and Japan (1978) 57 (c) Author’s reconstruction of the population of Paraguay in 57 1871 (d) Excess of males over females in groups of working age, 57 reflecting large-scale immigration (e) Central part of Shanghai, China, in 1980 57 (f) Comparison of the population structures of Apurímac and 57 Lima Departments, Peru

DOI link for (b) Greenland and South America compared 21 1.5 Selected countries of the world and states of the USA compared 22 on three different scales 2.1 The state of the world around 1500 28 2.2 The political geography of Europe around 1500 29 2.3 The world in the 1760s on the eve of the War of American 31 Independence 2.4 The fifty-one founder-members of the United Nations at the end 35 of the Second World War 3.1 The twelve major regions of the world used represented 47 according to their population size 3.2 The demographic transition model (a) Author’s modification of the basic model 53 (b) Relationship of birthrate and deathrate to annual rate of 53 change of population for selected countries 3.3 Demographic irregularities (a), (b) Population structures of China (1982) and Japan (1978) 57 (c) Author’s reconstruction of the population of Paraguay in 57 1871 (d) Excess of males over females in groups of working age, 57 reflecting large-scale immigration (e) Central part of Shanghai, China, in 1980 57 (f) Comparison of the population structures of Apurímac and 57 Lima Departments, Peru

(b) Greenland and South America compared 21 1.5 Selected countries of the world and states of the USA compared 22 on three different scales 2.1 The state of the world around 1500 28 2.2 The political geography of Europe around 1500 29 2.3 The world in the 1760s on the eve of the War of American 31 Independence 2.4 The fifty-one founder-members of the United Nations at the end 35 of the Second World War 3.1 The twelve major regions of the world used represented 47 according to their population size 3.2 The demographic transition model (a) Author’s modification of the basic model 53 (b) Relationship of birthrate and deathrate to annual rate of 53 change of population for selected countries 3.3 Demographic irregularities (a), (b) Population structures of China (1982) and Japan (1978) 57 (c) Author’s reconstruction of the population of Paraguay in 57 1871 (d) Excess of males over females in groups of working age, 57 reflecting large-scale immigration (e) Central part of Shanghai, China, in 1980 57 (f) Comparison of the population structures of Apurímac and 57 Lima Departments, Peru