Introduction

The previous sections, collectively, contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of hate crime as a social problem. From these articles, we derive varied insights into the incidence, context, and impact of bias-motivated violence. On each of these dimensions, there remains some degree of debate: hate crime is either epidemic, or it is not; it is either individually grounded, culturally grounded, or some combination thereof; it is either unique and exaggerated in its effects, or it differs little from other forms of victimization. In short, there is little consensus on any of the key questions surrounding hate crime.