ABSTRACT
In the United States, the tapes were transferred from Soviet to American format, after which a voice-over English translation was dubbed for the Russian responses on a second channel, as it was not possible to hear the original whispered English translation. All of the children at Gargarin came from the Moscow area, while those at Orlyonok came from all over the Soviet Union, from Estonia to Yakutsk, from Leningrad, Moldavia and the Ukraine to Kazakhstan, with fewer than one in five being from Moscow. While the Soviet Pioneer children did not believe in the possibility of surviving a nuclear war, they were optimistic that children could help prevent one. On the nuclear war item, the mean scores for boys and girls, among both the Americans and the Soviets, were almost identical. Soviet children were significantly more disturbed than American children about "divorce of their parents" and about "not being liked."
