ABSTRACT
There are two sorts of religion – the institutional and the personal. Those affecting society and public life are institutional religions; those affecting inner beliefs and attitudes are personal religions. Institutional religions have emerged in two ways: there are those handed down from earliest times whose origins are unknown, and there are those founded by individuals and whose origins are traceable. Among the old religions only Judaism was intolerant of other religions. If religion and morality occupy the same ground, they are naturally inseparable. Nevertheless, if the term 'morality' exists, then there is certainly the idea of morality. In the past, killing was believed useful, and religions were successful precisely because of their effectiveness in killing. In modern times science has been developed to a point where it can be more barbarous than religious fanaticism. For example, both the German and Russian Emperors were sincere believers, but both suffered crushing defeats in the War.
