ABSTRACT
In the previous chapter I have dealt with those features of indirect and free indirect discourse which align the representation of discourse with the deictic centre of the reporting instance. We have, however, already encountered examples of an alignment with the reportee’s deixis in instances of logophoric pronominal reference and ‘subjective’ NPs, and in the comparative lack of subordination in the free indirect. In this chapter I will deal more fully with the so-called expressive features of free indirect discourse, which relate to the deictic centre of the reported speech or thought act, and I will provide numerous examples of the same kind of expressivity even in indirect discourse. Such expressivity-in the narrative text-is interpreted as signalling the deictic centre of a character . The presence of these expressive elements in free indirect discourse has therefore been largely responsible for the traditional dual voice interpretation of free indirect discourse, in which the ‘voice’ of the narrator (signalled by referential and temporal ‘government’) and that of the character (the character’s deictic centre as instanced in the many expressive devices) intermingle in free indirect style. We will discuss this theory of the dual voice perspective in detail in Chapter 6. In the present chapter I will illustrate different kinds of expressive devices and will especially concentrate on syntactic deviations and their claim to expressivity. The most complete list of expressive elements in free indirect discourse has been provided by Ann Banfield, from whom I borrow the basic order of presentation. I will give examples of my own and additionally present some devices that I have come across which are not mentioned in Banfield (1982). Of the enumerated expressive devices all occur in free indirect discourse, but-pace Banfield-a great number (though not as consistently as in free indirect discourse) can be encountered in indirect discourse, too. I will provide extensive examples of free indirect discourse and indirect discourse in this section. The same expressive devices can also be encountered in speech and thought report as well as narrated perception, and I will quote instances of this when discussing the spectrum of forms in Chapter 5. As we will see, expressive syntax can be used also as a means of rhetorical emphasis in discursive texts.
