ABSTRACT
Literal meaning is only one aspect of verbal meaning. The meaning of a text comprises a number of different layers; in most non-technical texts, the explicitly referential content is accompanied by emotional colouring, cultural, social and personal associations, cultural assumptions and so on. Intertextual references or echoes are particularly effective reminders of the multi-layered nature of texts, because they specifically recall another reading or listening experience. Finding words to convey both the lexical content of a text and its echoes and overtones is often a crucial translation issue.
