ABSTRACT
The measurement of research and development (R&D) is composed of two basic sets of data: money spent on R&D, and human resources devoted to R&D. The previous chapters have dealt at length with the former. For several people, however, above all some of the pioneers of S&T statistics (C. Freeman, R. N. Anthony, W. H. Shapley, and C. Falk), human resources are much more appropriate than money as a measure of S&T activities. 1 This idea goes back, at least, to the US National Research Council (NRC) surveys on industrial research in the early 1930s. But it also owes its importance to the US President's Scientific Research Board: “the ceiling on research and development activities is fixed by the availability of trained personnel, rather than by the amounts of money available. The limiting resource at the moment is manpower.” 2
