ABSTRACT
Seismology has long contributed to engineering. The two founders of seismology, Robert Mallet (1810-1881), a civil engineer, and John Milne (1850-1913), a mining engineer, defined seismology as the scientific study of earthquakes. Both posed, in different words, three key questions for earthquake engineers:
1. What is the mechanical explanation for damage or lack thereof when structures are subjected to seismic strong motion?
