ABSTRACT
Endothelial cells are involved in regulating physiological processes such as angiogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis. They are of great research interest because of their potential to treat vascular diseases and stimulate growth of ischemic tissue. One cell source for such applications is embryonic stem (ES) cells, which have been shown to differentiate into endothelial cells through a process known as vasculogenesis. Endothelial cells and their progenitors have been successfully isolated by taking advantage of characteristic surface receptors. The isolation techniques are well established for animal systems, particularly in mouse, and have recently been applied to human models. Angiogenesis, or the growth of new capillaries, is a natural response by the body designed to maintain tissue perfusion during periods of tissue ischemia, but this capacity is often impaired or inadequate. Injury of the arterial endothelium due to intravascular stenting, balloon angioplasty or surgery often results in restenosis, which is characterized by intimal hyperplasia and may ultimately cause thrombosis.
