ABSTRACT
THE KNEW-IT-ALL-ALONG PARADIGM The knew-it-all-along effect refers to a person’s tendency to distort a judgement about what he or she would have answered in the direction of information that is provided concurrently with the question (the true answer or the actual outcome of a
Requests for reprints should be sent to Lioba Werth, Department of Psychology II, Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 10, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany. Email: werth@psychologie.uni-wuerzburg.deThis research was supported by a grant from the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Fo244/3-3). We would like to thank Roland Deutsch, Jens Forster, Michael Hafner, Jennifer Mayer, Thomas Mussweiler, Roland Neumann, and Beate Seibt as well as our reviewers, especially Rüdiger Pohl and
Ulrich Hoffrage, for their helpful comments. We would also like to thank Markus Denzler, Sonja Eiden, Stephanie Floter, Susanne Faber, Claudius Goring, and Bärbel Schöppner for collecting the data.
