ABSTRACT
Information is the product of either natural or machine intelligence. Informatics, the science of information, studies the nature of information, its processing, and ways of transformation between information, matter, and energy. Informatics has developed from the classic information theory [Hartley, 1928; Shannon, 1948/49a/49b/51/59; Shannon and Weaver, 1949; Bell, 1953; Goldman, 1953; Reza, 1961], contemporary informatics [Chaitin, 1977/04; Zhong, 1996; Nielsen and Chuang, 2000; David, 2002; Wang, 2002d/03b], to cognitive informatics [Wang, 2002d/02e/03a/03b/06b/06j/ 07a/07b; Wang and Wang, 2006; Wang and Kinsner, 2006; Wang et al. 2002a/06] in the past half century.
