ABSTRACT
Mediterranean ecosystems are characterized by a lengthy period of hot, dry weather, and in California and southern Europe this dry period usually extends from April until October. The array of plants that evolved in this environment has adapted to survive and reproduce. Oak woodlands, dominated by an overstory of native Quercus species, are common landscape features in both California and southern Europe. These woodlands typically consist of one to several species of native oaks with an understory of predominantly annual plants, principally grasses. Shrubs may or may not be present, depending on past management, environmental conditions, and edaphic features.
