ABSTRACT
The attacks of September 11 created several categories of victims and also blurred traditional distinctions between victims of a disaster and helpers (Raphael, 1986). Besides civilians and military personnel killed or injured in the attacks, hundreds of “first responding” police officers and firefighters in New York City were killed. Thus, would-be helpers became victims. Grieving families and relatives mourned both the innocent who were killed and the heroes who tried to come to their aid.
