ABSTRACT
In the aftermath of 9/11 there was ritual. People gathered in village squares, in public places, and in houses of worship. They sang, prayed, and stood in silent vigil. There also were memorials. In New York City, firehouses became shrines, as people brought pictures, flowers, and candles. It had been the same in other public tragedies. In Oklahoma City, people left flowers and teddy bears in tribute to the dead children. When Princess Diana died, British embassies throughout the world became spontaneous memorials.
