ABSTRACT
R Scott Stuart, William Baumgartner Aortic valve replacement (AVR) with a prosthetic valve for aortic stenosis and/or
aortic insufficiency is well established.
Etiology Aortic stenosis and/or aortic insufficiency. The major causes of aortic stenosis include:
● congenital bicuspid valve ● calcific or senile degeneration ● rheumatic heart disease.
