ABSTRACT
In such areas as industrial technology (e.g., the Winius ironworks), printing technology, military technology and technique, education or visual arts, the term “modernization” in seventeenth century Muscovy is often synonymous with Westernization. To use the term “modernization” to describe what was happening in the Muscovite tsardom thus often seems to imply that Muscovy shared a common historical pattern of development with other nations and that Russian history borrowed processes that, in the West, developed according to their own logic, like the Gunpowder Revolution and the printing revolution.
