ABSTRACT
Parker (1998) has a category that sees globalization as a transformative social force: sometimes also called the “globalization from below” perspective (Falk, 1993). Attention here is directed towards those organizations working for a vision of a just world and for a redistribution of economic power – such as the charities and direct action groups. Two streams of criticism are seen to act as the catalyst for this perspective:
labor criticisms (blue agenda) pointing to dangers of exploitative child labor, human rights abuse, unequal labor standards and destabilizing levels of job change (ILO, 1998a, 2000; Madani, 1999; Hepple, 2001); and
environmental criticisms (green agenda) pointing towards unconstrained economic activity accelerating global warming and uncontrolled depletion of resources such as forests in developing economies (Spar and La Mure, 2003; Wild, 2003).