ABSTRACT
Ekman and Friesen (1969) distinguish five major categories of kinesic behaviour (Gumperz and Hymes 1972/1986: 383; emphasis added):
(1) emblems, non-verbal acts which have a direct verbal translation, i.e., greetings, gestures of assent, etc.; (2) illustrators, movements tied to speech which serve to illustrate the spoken word; (3) affective displays such as facial signs indicating happiness, surprise, fear, etc.; (4) regulators, acts which maintain and regulate the act of speaking; (5) adaptors, signs originally linked to bodily needs, such as brow wiping, lip biting, etc.
