ABSTRACT
Even as the modern model of childhood began to be formulated in Western society, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a quite different set of changes affected children in many other parts of the world. These changes were not always as striking as those involved in the modern redefinitions of childhood, but they did move, quite dramatically, in opposite directions from the modern model in many ways, involving more rather than less work, frequently high birth rates, and certainly elevated levels of death and disease.
