ABSTRACT
This chapter explains the process by which human groups lay claim to territory which evolved over the millennia, increasing in complexity with each iteration. Like other social species, humans must deal with threats from their physical environment and with threats from the members of competing social systems. The chapter reviews the rise of the nation-state and its impact on internal and external threat control in. With the triumph of the nation-state, territory became the point of demarcation between external threats and challenges to internal order, the latter of which is explained in this chapter. War became the province of the military meant that internal threats became the default responsibility of the nonmilitary, that is of civilians. It also explains that, criminal rules are meaningless unless they are enforced; nation-states therefore must ensure that their criminal rules are being obeyed.
