ABSTRACT
The ‘‘system’’ began with the Warsaw Convention (WSC) of 1929,2 which came into force on 13 February 1933. It was the subject of a major reform, the Hague Protocol (HP), in 1955. The UK adopted HP and it came into force on 1 June 1967.3 In 1961, the Guadalajara Convention (GSC)4 extended WSC rights and liabilities to the actual carrier, as practice had developed since 1929 in such a way that the actual carrier might be one other than the contracting carrier, whether the actual carrier performed the carriage throughout on all stages or on only one or more stages.5 The UK adopted the Montreal Protocol of 1975, which amended the rules relating to the carriage of goods and which came into force in the UK on 14 June 1998.
