ABSTRACT
This chapter considers communication by contact, by gestures, by sounds, and by odours and taste. That is to say information perceived by the senses of touch, vision, hearing, and olfaction and/or chemical senses. The chapter describes birds are the most vocal animals apart from man. The difference between human and animal languages is far from concrete and very often may be merely a matter of the length of the time or space gap to be bridged. As Hockett C. F. himself has pointed out, the activity of speaking produces also, besides visible gestures, a variety of sound effects which may perhaps be conveniently termed vocal gestures. A good many anthropological theorists speak as if they believe that only human communicative systems are semantic. The Crustacea constitute a group containing a very large number of species, the vast majority of which are marine: a much smaller number live in fresh water and a relatively few are terrestrial.
