ABSTRACT

Introduction The Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have been engaged in the fight against corruption for more than a decade1 and have issued dozens of country reports on anti-corruption policies in Eastern and Western European countries.2 The same goes for Transparency International (TI), the leading anticorruption non-governmental organisation (NGO),3 and its numerous national chapters. These

1. For contributions on the early years of CoE and OECD anti-corruption policies, see Guy de Vel and Peter Csonka, ‘The Council of Europe Activities Against Corruption’, in Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement, ed. Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Huberts (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002), 361-80, and Gemma Aiolfi and Mark Pieth, ‘How to Make a Convention Work: The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Recommendation and Convention on Bribery as an Example of a New Horizon in International Law’, in Corruption, Integrity and Law Enforcement, ed. Cyrille Fijnaut and Leo Huberts (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002), 349-60. For current initiatives, see Sebastian Wolf, Der Beitrag internationaler und supranationaler Organisationen zur Korruptionsbekämpfung in den Mitgliedstaaten (Speyer: Deutsches Forschungsinstitut für öffentliche Verwaltung Speyer, 2007), and the organisations’ websites https://www.coe.int/t/dg1/Greco/Default_en.asp and https://www.oecd.org/ topic/0,3373,en_2649_37447_1_1_1_1_37447,00.html (accessed February 23, 2009). 2. For the purposes of this article, the term ‘Eastern Europe’ includes post-communist countries of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and South Eastern Europe. It is based on a broad notion of ‘Europe’ like the concept of the CoE. 3. See Peter Eigen, The Web of Corruption. How a Global Movement Fights Graft (Berlin: Druckhaus, 2008), and https://www.transparency.org (accessed February 23, 2009).