ABSTRACT
The literary descriptions of medieval heroes, with their attributions of knowledge and accomplishments, were more than romantic ideals; they mirrored reality too. At best, a young nobleman or gentleman was well endowed by his education. A sociable upbringing with adults, boy companions and servants, often away from home, had taught him the behaviour appropriate to a wide range of people and circumstances. As occasion demanded he could be deferential, friendly, ceremonious and commanding. He spoke one language for preference out of French and English, but he knew something of the other and could use it at least a little when required. In an age which placed an emphasis on good public speaking, he was conscious of the need to speak clearly and effectively. He paid attention to his personal health and hygiene, and was careful of his table-manners. He was conventionally devout, going regularly to religious services, visiting shrines and giving charity to the poor. Religion provided him with a code of ethics as well, but this did not always prevail, for he had also been moulded by secular values from his earliest years, and religious teaching had to compete for his allegiance with the dictates of rank, privilege, wealth and power.
