ABSTRACT
Medline, Embase and Google Scholar searches were performed for the years 1993–2013 to review new evidence pertinent to the topic using the keywords: thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, developmental anatomy, embryology, histopathology, and microstructure. Study of the developmental anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands helps in the understanding of the normal and abnormal variations in anatomy seen at surgery and the related pathology of these organs. The thyroid gland, together with the oesophagus and trachea, is invested in a visceral layer of deep fascia known as the pretracheal fascia. Anteriorly the fascia forms a distinct layer separating the thyroid from the strap muscles and posteriorly it merges with the prevertebral fascia. The thyroid gland is made up of multiple lobules supplied by a lobular artery. The thyroid hormones released into the circulation ensure that the metabolic demands of the tissues of the body are met by stimulating oxygen consumption and regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
