ABSTRACT

Sarcopenia may lead to frailty, but not all patients with sarcopenia are frail – it is estimated that sarcopenia is about twice as common as frailty. The low-grade inflammation characterising the ageing process notably concurs at the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying sarcopenia. Frailty, sarcopenia and immunosenescence are commonly described in older adults but are not unique to ageing. Diabetes is associated with an accelerated ageing process that promotes frailty. Diabetes increases risk of frailty as persistent hyperglycaemia is associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin resistance which have deleterious effects on skeletal muscle leading to sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can be categorised as 'primary' or 'secondary' sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is of special interest as it describes a specific condition where translationary research might produce benefits and outcomes for clinical patients. Many different approaches have been pursued, but exercise and physical activity are important considerations for both sarcopenia prophylaxis and sarcopenia management.