ABSTRACT
The effectiveness of a plant's production depends on the effectiveness with which it uses equipment, materials, people, and methods. Raising production effectiveness in process industries, therefore, starts with the vital issues of maximizing overall plant effectiveness, raw material and fuel efficiency, work efficiency, and management efficiency. With regard to raising a plant's production effectiveness the time spent in shutdown is considered a loss. Quality defect losses include losses due to downgrading product, as well as rejectable product and scrap. There are eight plant losses that prevent any plant from achieving its maximum effectiveness: shutdown, production adjustment, equipment failure, process failure, normal production loss, abnormal production loss, quality defects, and reprocessing. Working time is the actual number of hours that a plant is expected to operate in a year or month. A plant's performance rate expresses the actual production rate as a percentage of the standard production rate.
