ABSTRACT
This chapter starts by outlining which groups in the wider society tend to oppose the regime in Belarus. It explains the usual patterns of political and civic opposition under non-democratic conditions, and identifies how Belarusian opposition structures fit into these. It identifies the principal, non-systemic opposition political parties, which encompass a wide range of nationalist, liberal–conservative, social democratic, and communist forces. It also covers the so-called constructive opposition that is loyal to the regime. The chapter identifies representatives of the civic opposition, which includes civic initiatives, NGOs, youth organizations, and public associations representing the interests of trade unionists or entrepreneurs. It then analyses the various constellations of opposition alliances and coalitions that have risen and fallen during Lukashenka’s presidency. The chapter demonstrates that an opposition exists in Belarus, although it is increasingly marginalized by the regime and it struggles to coordinate its activities.
