ABSTRACT
Many aspects, including the effects of strain speed, and treatment time on the properties of the modified layers, remain unclear. Particularly, the relationship between the growth process of the boride and carbide layers and thicknesses is interesting when considering reactive diffusion. It is hoped that further investigations on superplastic boronization and carburization will be attempted. In the early days of single-mode fiber technology, manufacturing imperfections often introduced some grading of the core–cladding interface and/or some index depression at the center of the core. Such index gradients may be encountered from time to time, or even routinely in some specific manufacturing processes. Evaluating the transmission characteristics of such graded-core singlemode fibers is usually done by the use of equivalent step-index fiber methods. The guided electromagnetic field takes the form of discrete modes with propagation constants bounded by the plane-wave propagation constants in the guiding and outer regions. This quantification arises from transverse resonance condition imposed by the dielectric discontinuities.
