ABSTRACT
The aspects for valid measurement are the transducer, the structure of the measuring system, and the system dynamics. This chapter presents the dynamics of linear systems. Time response gives the time history of the output of an instrument in response to an input. In other words, it is the solution of the system differential equation. Analog data give the time history of a measurand, such as the temperature recording from an engine. If the response of an instrument is not instantaneous, a time lag and/or a waveform distortion are inevitable. The requirements for a perfect waveform reproduction without time lag is a zero-order instrument, that is, an instantaneous response with constant sensitivity K for all input amplitudes and frequencies. Series compensation may be inadequate for more complex problems. It is difficult to match the characteristics of the compensator precisely with that of the instrument.
