ABSTRACT
Changes in structure and composition of boundary liquid layers influence not only the velocity of their flow in narrow pores under a pressure gradient ∇P, but also result in a number of additional effects. The additional effects are capillary osmosis (flow under a concentration gradient of solutes ∇C), electro-osmosis (flow under a gradient of electrical potential ∇E), thermo-osmosis and thermocrystallization flows associated with a temperature gradient ∇T. Electroosmosis is used for dehydration of porous bodies, electromelioration, intensification of immiscible displacement and capillary impregnation, cloth washing. Capillary osmosis describes the flow of a solution in pores or in a capillary driven by a concentration gradient in the absence of a pressure gradient. Generally capillary osmosis is associated with the existence of near-to-surface adsorption layers of ions or neutral molecules, the diffuse outer part of which can participate in the liquid flow. Capillary osmosis is more pronounced in the case of polar solute molecules or if the solution contains ionic components.
