ABSTRACT
The scientific investigation of the injection-molding process can be traced back at least to the pioneering work of Gilmore and Spencer [1, 2] at Dow, during the early 1950s, and to Ballman and co-workers [3, 4] at Monsanto, during the late 1950s. A finite-difference formulation for numerical simulation was presented by Pearson [5] in the mid-1960s but not implemented until the early 1970s in the well-known works by Kamal and Kenig [6] and by Gogos and co-workers [[7, 8]. Since then, the application of computer simulations to the injection-molding process has clearly intensified, and its commercialization, pioneered by Austin 9], has resulted in viable computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools for mold design.
