ABSTRACT
In the seventeenth century, Blaise Pascal formulated a fundamental law of hydraulics: The pressure at any one point in a static liquid is exerted with equal intensity in all directions. Adequate elevation and depth of water in a tank will provide enough pressure to move the water throughout the distribution system. The simplest type of pressure measurement device is the piezometer. This is simply a narrow, open-ended vertical tube, attached at the point of pressure measurement. The pressure gage is a compact, practical device used for pressure measurement. It is probably the most important instrument in the water system. Thrust is the force which water exerts on a pipeline as it turns a corner. The phenomenon is similar to water hammer, except that in a moving system, it is happening constantly. The size and shape of a thrust control device depends on pipe size, type of fitting, water pressure and velocity, expected hammer and soil type.
