ABSTRACT
Approximately 4.4 million students in U.S. public schools are designated as English language learners (ELLs; Kena et al., 2014). ELLs are students who are in the process of learning English as a second language, or possibly a second or third language (Klingner, Hoover, & Baca, 2008). They represent a heterogeneous group that varies greatly in terms of their English proficiency and abilities across listening, speaking, reading, and writing domains.
