ABSTRACT
Physiological chemistry in the United States developed along different lines than in Germany because of distinctively American cultural values and national character. Germany was advanced in developing scientific disciplines, its influence was inevitably a major force in the development of the biomedical sciences in European countries and the United States. Russell H. Chittenden represents the beginning of the teaching of physiological chemistry in the United States. The sudden popularity of the name "biochemistry" and "biological chemistry" applied to journals and societies and abroad between 1900 and 1910 was not a fad of nomenclature, but a strategy for consolidation of biochemists operating in other contexts in this highly diverse discipline. Nineteen centuries after Pliny, color-forming reactions are at the heart of most analytical procedures in clinical chemistry laboratories as well as playing a major role in industry. Special attachments for the Jules Duboscq and Philip Adolph Kober colorimeters allow their conversion into a nephelometer with illumination by horizontally directed light.
