ABSTRACT
A concentrically loaded column may buckle flexurally by deflecting u or v, or may buckle torsionally by twisting ϕ as shown in Figure 5.1. These buckling modes are independent for columns of doubly symmetric cross-section, and the column will buckle at the lowest of the loads associated with each of these three modes. Flexural and torsional buckling modes. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203755938/e53c26be-5318-4bf4-ac28-b5224b0447cc/content/fig5_1.tif"/>
