ABSTRACT
This chapter shows how to deal with difficult integrands. It helps the reader to use trigonometrical substitutions to resolve algebraic integrands and apply the standard algebraic substitutions to resolve trigonometrical integrands. The chapter assists in manipulating integrands and use tables of standard forms to resolve them and assessing an integrand to plan a suitable method of integration. Sometimes it is not possible to reduce an integrand to standard forms either by inspection or by the use of partial fractions. In such circumstances a substitution is worth considering. The chapter presents general guidelines for t and s substitutions. However, they should only be used if it is not possible to perform the integration by more direct means. The chapter also examines practical problems in particle dynamics and ballistics.
