ABSTRACT
Among the many new concepts for illumination design, the first to be discussed is the new method of determining illuminance levels. In the past when illuminating engineers wanted to find the recommended illuminance level for a given task, they would look in the lighting handbook to find a recommended level and then design an illuminating system for the task using the value as a minimum. This procedure provides very little latitude for fine-tuning an illumination design. In the new methods, a more comprehensive investigation of required illuminance is performed according to the following steps:
Instead of a single recommended illuminance value, a category letter is assigned. Table 4.1 shows different category letters for a selected group of industries. Illuminance Categories for Selected Group of Industries
Area/Activity
Illuminance Category
Aircraft maintenance
a
Aircraft manufacturing
a
Assembly
Simple
D
Moderately difficult
E
Difficult
F
Very difficult
G
Exacting
H
Automobile manufacturing
a
Bakeries
Mixing room
D
Face of shelves
D
Inside of mixing bowl
D
Fermentation room
D
Make-up room
Bread
D
Sweet yeast-raised products
D
Proofing room
D
Oven room
D
Fillings and other ingredients
D
Decorating and icing
Mechanical
D
Hand
E
Scales and thermometers
D
Wrapping
D
Book binding
Folding, assembling, pasting
D
Cutting, punching, stitching
E
Embossing and inspection
F
Breweries
Brew house
D
Boiling and keg washing
D
Filling (bottles, cans, kegs)
D
Candy making
Box department
D
Chocolate department
Husking, winnowing, fat extraction, crushing and refining, feeding
D
Bean cleaning, sorting, dipping, packing, wrapping
D
Milling
E
Cream making
Mixing, cooking, molding
E
Gum drops and jellied forms
D
Hand decorating
D
Hard candy
Mixing, cooking, molding
D
Die cutting and sorting
E
Kiss making and wrapping
E
Canning and preserving
Initial grading raw material samples
D
Tomatoes
E
Color grading and cutting rooms
F
Preparation
Preliminary sorting
Apricots and peaches
D
Tomatoes
E
Olives
F
Cutting and pitting
E
Final sorting
E
Canning
Continuous-belt canning
E
Sink canning
E
Hand packing
D
Olives
E
Examination of canned samples
F
Container handling
Inspection
F
Can unscramblers
E
Labeling and cartoning
D
Casting (see Foundries)
Central stations (see Electric generating stations)
Chemical plants (see Petroleum and chemical plants)
Clay and concrete products
Grinding, filter presses, kiln rooms
C
Molding, pressing, cleaning, trimming
D
Enameling
E
Color and glazing - rough work
E
Color and glazing - fine work
F
Cleaning and pressing industry
Checking and sorting
E
Dry and wet cleaning and steaming
E
Inspection and spotting
G
Pressing
F
Repair and alteration
F
Cloth products
Cloth inspection
I
Cutting
G
Sewing
G
Pressing
F
Clothing manufacture (see Sewn Products)
Receiving, opening, storing, shipping
D
Examining (perching)
I
Sponging, decating, winding, measuring
D
Piling up and marking
E
Cutting
G
Pattern making, preparation of trimming, piping, canvas and shoulder pads
E
Fitting, bundling, shading, stitching
D
Shops
F
Inspection
G
Pressing
F
Sewing
G
Control rooms (see Electric generating stations - interior)
Corridors (see Service spaces)
Cotton gin industry
Overhead equipment - separators, driers, grid cleaners, stick machines, conveyers, feeders and catwalks
D
Gin stand
D
Control console
D
Lint cleaner
D
Bale press
D
Dairy farms (see Farms)
Dairy products
Fluid milk industry
Boiler room
D
Bottle storage
D
Bottle sorting
E
Bottle washers
b
Can washers
D
Cooling equipment
D
Filing: inspection
E
Gauges(on face)
E
Laboratories
E
Meter panels (on face)
E
Pasteurizers
D
Separators
D
Storage refrigerator
D
Tanks, vats
Light interiors
C
Dark interiors
E
Thermometer (on face)
E
Weighing room
D
Scales
E
Dispatch boards (see Electric generating stations - interior)
Electrical equipment manufacturing
Impregnating
D
Insulating: coil winding
E
Electric generating stations - interior (see also Nuclear power plants
Air-conditioning equipment, air preheater and fan floor, ash sluicing
B
Auxiliaries, pumps, tanks, compressors, gauge area
C
Battery rooms
D
Boiler platforms
C
Cable room
B
Coal handling systems
B
Coal pulverizer
C
Condensers, deaerator floor, evaporator floor, heater floors
B
Control rooms
Main control boards
D c
Auxiliary control panels
D c
Operator’s station
E c
Maintenance and wiring areas
D
Emergency operating lighting
C
Gauge reading
D
Hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide manifold area
C
Laboratory
E
Precipitators
B
Screen house
C
Soot or slag blower platform
C
Steam headers and throttles
B
Switchgear and motor control centers
D
Telephone and communication equipment rooms
D
Tunnels or galleries, piping and electrical
B
Turbine building
Operating floor
D
Below operating floor
C
Visitor’s gallery
C
Water treating area
D
Elevators (see Service spaces)
Explosives manufacturing
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, stationary driers, stationary and gravity crystalizers
D
Mechanical furnace, generators and stills, mechanical driers, evaporators, filtration, mechanical crystallizers
Tanks for cooking, extractors, percolators, nitrators
D
Farms - dairy
Milking operation area (milking parlor and stall barn)
General
C
Cow’s udder
D
Milk handling equipment and storage area (milk house or milk room)
General
C
Washing area
E
Bulk tank interior
E
Loading platform
C
Feeding area (stall barn feed alley, Dens, loose housing feed area)
C
Feed storage area - forage
Haymow
A
Hay inspection area
C
Ladders and stairs
C
Silo
A
Silo room
C
Feed storage area - grain and concentrate
Grain bin
A
Concentrate storage area
B
Feed processing area
B
Livestock housing area (community, maternity, individual calf pens, loose housing holding and resting areas)
B
Machine storage area (garage and machine shed)
B
Farm shop area
Active storage area
B
General shop area (machinery repair, rough sawing)
D
Rough bench and machine work (painting, fine storage, ordinary sheet metal work, welding, medium benchwork)
D
Medium bench and machine work (fine woodworking, drill press, metal lathe, grinder)
E
Miscellaneous areas
Farm office
Restrooms (see Service spaces)
Pumphouse
C
Farms - poultry (see Poultry Industry)
Flour mills
Rolling, sifting, purifying
E
Packing
D
Product control
F
Cleaning, screens, man lifts, aisleways and walkways, bin checking
D
Forge shops
E
Foundries
Annealing (furnaces)
D
Cleaning
D
Core making
Fine
F
Medium
E
Grinding and chipping
F
Inspection
Fine
G
Medium
F
Molding
Medium
F
Large
E
Pouring
E
Sorting
E
Cupola
C
Shakeout
D
Garages - parking
Garages - service
Repairs
E
Active traffic areas
C
Write-up
D
Glass works
Mix and furnace rooms, pressing and lehr, glassblowing machines
C
Grinding, cutting, silvering
D
Fine grinding, beveling, polishing
E
Inspection, etching and decorating
F
Glove manufacturing (see Sewn Products)
Hangars (see Aircraft manufacturing)
Hat manufacturing
Dyeing, stiffening, braiding, cleaning, refining
E
Forming, sizing, pouncing, flanging, finishing, ironing
F
Sewing
G
Inspection
Simple
D
Moderately difficult
E
Difficult
F
Very difficult
G
Exacting
H
Iron and steel manufacturing
G
Laundries
Washing
D
Flat work ironing, weighing, listing, marking
D
Machine and press finishing, marking
E
Fine hand ironing
E
Leather manufacturing
Cleaning, tanning and stretching, vats
D
Cutting, fleshing and stuffing
D
Finishing and scarfing
E
Leather working
Pressing, winding, glazing
F
Grading, matching, cutting, scarfing, sewing
G
Locker rooms
C
Machine shops
Rough bench or machine work
D
Medium bench or machine work, ordinary automatic machines, rough grinding, medium buffing and polishing
E
Fine bench or machine work, fine automatic machines, medium grinding, fine buffing and polishing
G
Extra-fine bench or machine work, grinding, fine work
H
Materials handling
Wrapping, packing, labeling
D
Picking stock, classifying
D
Loading, inside truck bodies and freight cars
C
Meat packing
Slaughtering
D
Cleaning, cutting, cooking, grinding, canning, packing
D
Nuclear power plants (see also Electric generating stations)
Auxiliary building, uncontrolled access areas
C
Controlled access areas
Count room E c
Laboratory
E
Health physics office
F
Medical aid room
F
Hot laundry
D
Storage room
C
Engineered safety features equipment
D
Diesel generator building
D
Fuel handling building
Operating floor
D
Below operating floor
C
Off gas building
C
Radwaste building
D
Reactor building
Operating floor
D
Below operating floor
C
Offices
Packing and boxing (see Materials handling)
Paint manufacturing
Processing
D
Mix comparison
F
Paint shops
Dipping, simple spraying, firing
D
Rubbing, ordinary hand painting and finishing art, stencil and special spraying
D
Fine hand painting and finishing
E
Extra-fine hand painting and finishing
G
Paper-box manufacturing
E
Paper manufacturing
Beaters, grinding, calendering
D
Finishing, cutting, trimming, papermaking machines
E
Hand counting, wet end of paper machine
E
Paper machine reel, paper inspection, and laboratories
F
Rewinder
F
Petroleum and chemical plants
a
Plating
D
Polishing and burnishing (see Machine shops)
Power plants (see Electric generating stations)
Poultry industry (see also Farm - dairy)
Brooding, production, and laying houses
Feeding, inspection, cleaning
C
Charts and records
D
Thermometers, thermostats, time clocks
D
Hatcheries
General area and loading platform
C
Inside incubators
D
Dubbing station
F
Sexing
H
Egg handling, packing, and shipping
General cleanliness
E
Egg quality inspection
E
Loading platform, egg storage area, etc.
C
Egg processing
General lighting
E
Fowl processing plant
General (excluding killing and unloading area)
E
Government inspection station and grading stations
E
Unloading and killing area
C
Feed storage
Grain, feed rations
C
Processing
C
Charts and records
D
Machine storage area (garage and machine shed)
B
Printing industries
Type foundries
Matrix making, dressing type
E
Font assembly-sorting
D
Casting
E
Printing plants
Color inspection and appraisal
F
Machine composition
E
Composing room
E
Presses
E
Imposing stones
F
Proofreading
F
Electrotyping
Molding, routing, finishing, leveling molds, trimming
E
Blocking, tinning
D
Electroplating, washing, backing
D
Photoengraving
Etching, staging, blocking
D
Routing, finishing, proofing
E
Tint laying, masking
E
Quality Control (see Inspection)
Receiving and shipping (see Materials handling)
Rubber goods - mechanical
a
Rubber tire manufacturing
a
Safety
Sawmills
Secondary log deck
B
Head saw (cutting area viewed by sawyer)
E
Head saw outfeed
B
Machine in-feeds (bull edger, resaws, edgers, trim, hula saws, planers)
B
Main mill floor (base lighting)
A
Sorting tables
D
Rough lumber grading
D
Finished lumber grading
F
Dry lumber warehouse (planer)
C
Dry kiln coiling shed
B
Chipper infeed
B
Basement areas
Active
A
Inactive
A
Filing room (work areas)
E
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms)
Stairways, corridors
B
Elevators, freight and passenger
B
Toilets and wash rooms
C
Sewn products
Receiving, packing, shipping
E
Opening, raw goods storage
E
Designing, pattern-drafting, pattern grading and markermaking
F
Computerized designing, pattern- making and grading, digitizing, marker-making, and plotting
B
Cloth inspection and perching
I
Spreading and cutting (includes computerized cutting) F g
Fitting, sorting and blunding, shading, stitch marking
G
Sewing
G
Pressing
F
In-process and final inspection
G
Finished goods storage and picking orders F h
Trim preparation, piping, canvas and shoulder pads
F
Machine repair shops
G
Knitting
F
Sponging, decating, rewinding, measuring
E
Hat manufacture (see Hat Manufacture)
Leather working (see Leather Working)
Shoe manufacturing (see Shoe Manufacturing
Sheet metai works
Miscellaneous machines, ordinary bench work
E
Presses, shears, stamps, spinning, medium bench work
E
Punches
E
Tin plate inspection, galvanized
F
Scribing
F
Shoe manufacturing - leather
Cutting and stitching
Cutting tables
G
Marking, buttonholing, skiving, sorting, vamping, counting
G
Stitching, dark materials
G
Making and finishing, nailers, sole layers, welt beaters and scarfers, trimmers, welters, lasters, edge setters, sluggers, randers, wheelers, treers, cleaning, spraying, buffing, polishing, embossing
F
Shoe manufacturing - rubber
Washing, coating, mill run compounding
D
Varnishing, vulcanizing, calendering, upper and sole cutting
D
Sole rolling, lining, making and finishing processes
E
Soap manufacturing
Kettle houses, cutting, soap chip and powder
D
Stamping, wrapping and packing, filing and packing soap powder
D
Stairways (see Service spaces)
Steel (see Iron and Steel)
Storage battery manufacturing
D
Storage rooms or warehouses
Inactive
B
Active
Rough, bulky items
C
Small items
D
Structural steel fabrication
E
Sugar refining
Grading
E
Color inspection
F
Testing
General
D
Exacting tests, extra-fine instruments, scales, etc
F
Textile mills
Staple fiber preparation
Stock dyeing, tinting
D
Sorting and grading (wood and cotton) E d
Yarn manufacturing
Opening and picking (chute feed)
D
Carding (nonwoven web formation)
D e
Drawing (gilling, pin drafting)
D
Combing
D e
Roving (stubbing, fly frame)
E
Spinning (cab spinning, twisting, texturing)
E
Yarn preparation
Winding, quilling, twisting
E
Warping (beaming, sizing)
F d
Warp tie-in or drawing-in automatic)
E
Fabric production
Weaving, knitting, tufting
F
Inspection
G d
Finishing
Fabric preparation (desizing, sourcing, bleaching, singeing, and mercerization)
D
Fabric dyeing (printing)
D
Fabric finishing (calendaring, sanforizing, sueding, chemical treatment)
E d
Inspection
G d , f
Tobacco products
Drying, stripping
D
Grading and sorting
F
Toilets and wash rooms (see Service spaces)
Upholstering
F
Warehouse (see Storage rooms)
Welding
Orientation
D
Precision manual arc-welding
H
Woodworking
Rough sawing and bench work
D
Sizing, planing, rough sanding, medium quality machine and bench work, gluing, veneering, cooperage
D
Fine bench and machine work, fine sanding and finishing
E
Industry representatives have established a table of single illuminance values which, in their opinion, can be used. Illuminance values for specific operations can also be determined using illuminance categories of similar tasks and activities found in this table and the application of the appropriate weighting factors in Table 4.3 and 4.4.
Special lighting such that (1) the luminous area is large enough to cover the surface which is being inspected and (2) the luminance is within the limits necessary to obtain comfortable contrast conditions. This involves the use of sources of large area and relatively low luminance in which the source luminance is the principal factor rather than the illuminance produced at a given point,
Maximum levels - controlled system.
Supplementary lighting should be provided in this space to produce the higher levels required for specific seeing tasks involved.
Additional lighting needs to be provided for maintenance only,
Color temperature of the light source is important for color matching,
Higher levels from local lighting may be required for manually operated cutting machines,
If color matching is critical, use illuminance category G.
The category letters are used to define a range of illuminance. Table 4.2 details illuminance categories and illuminance values for generic types of activities in interiors. Illuminance Categories and Illuminance Values for Generic Types of Activities in Interiors
Type of activity
Illuminance category
Ranges of illuminances
Reference work-plane
Lux
Footcandle
Public spaces with dark surroundings
A
20–30–50
2–3–5
General lighting throughout spaces
Simple orientation for short temporary visits
B
50–75–100
5–7.5–10
Working spaces where visual tasks are only occasionally performed
C
100–150–200
10–15–20
Performance of visual tasks of high contrast or large size
D
200–300–500
20–30–50
Illuminance on task
Performance of visual tasks of medium contrast or small size
E
500–750–1000
50–75–100
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast or very small size
F
1000–1500–2000
100–150–200
Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size over a prolonged period
G
2000–3000–5000
200–300–500
Illuminance on task obtained by a combination of general and local (supplementary lighting)
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks
H
5000–7500–10000
500–750–1000
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and small size
I
10000–15000–20000
1000–1500–2000
From within the recommended range of illuminance, a specific value of illuminance is selected after consideration is given to the average age of workers, the importance of speed and accuracy, and the reflectance of task background.
