ABSTRACT
We have shown in chapter 1 that the ions remain cold because the collisional electron–ion equipartition time is much longer than the particle lifetime even in such quiescent steady states as achieved in min-B ECRIS. Thus the basic ion heating, which is only obtained via elastic ion collisions with the energetic electrons, remains weak. According to Spitzer [62] the ion heating rate is given by () d T i d t = constant n e Z 2 M A T e ( ln Λ ) https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203758663/0fa5b537-f6d4-4f88-ac0d-fbb2581b90da/content/eq770.tif"/>
