ABSTRACT
Prior to 1994 there had been little work on the functional imaging of episodic memory. The most important early paper, a position emission-tomography (PET) study by Grasby et al. (1993), had shown a surprising involvement of the frontal lobes in secondary (longterm) verbal memory by comparison with primary (short-term) verbal memory; in this paper the contrast had been made using free recall of different-length lists. However, the procedure involved having encoding and retrieval in the same scan. Interest in the area was really sparked by the demonstration in 1994 of the contrasting involvement of the left and right prefrontal cortices in encoding and retrieval. Three of the four papers on the topic that year including the one on the crucial hemisphere encoding and retrieval assymetry (HERA) generalization, involved Gus Craik (Kapur et al., 1994; Tulving, Kapur, Moscovitch, & Houle, 1994; Tulving, Kapur, Markowitsch et al.,1994). Moreover, the key paper showing left frontal involvement in the encoding process used levels of processing as its manipulation (Kapur et al., 1994). Thus Gus Craik played a major role in the initial establishment of the functional imaging of episodic memory as a scientific field.
