ABSTRACT
Learning and forgetting. The learning over study trials was estimated by subtracting words recalled on Trial 1 from words recalled on Trial 3 for each participant. The amount oflearning (Trial 3 recall minus Trial I recall) and forgetting from the final study to the 2-hr delayed recall test (Trial 3 recall minus Trial 4 recall) was compared between the groups (Figure 2). Because the outcome variables of interest were integer numbers from 0 to 7, Poisson distributions of outcome variables were considered and a generalized linear model was adopted for these analyses. As can been seen in Figure 2, the mean words learned was less for the severe TBI group (M = 1.79) than for the other groups (mild, M = 2.26; control, M = 2.18), but these difference failed to reach significance. There were no other signifi-
Metacognitive Functioning
Metacognitive knowledge: Self-knowledge of memory span. To estimate the degree of self-knowledge about memory span, we counted the number of words on the EOL judgment that the child had indicated she or he would recall. The number of words from this count was then compared to the number of words that were recalled on Trial 1, without regard to the correspondence between specific items predicted and recalled. In other words, for this measure we compared only the number of items that were predicted to be recalled to the number that were recalled, thus gaining an idea of whether or not the child took his or her memory span into account when making the predictions. Generalized linear model with log link function (Poisson regression) was used in this analysis. The outcome (dependent) variable is the number of words over-estimated (Le., the difference between words predicted and recalled). Independent variables are group, age at test. Analysis revealed that there was a main effect of group, X2(2, N = 109) = 8.12,p = .01, and an effect of age at test, X2(1, N = 109) = 3.67,p = .05. There was no interaction of group with age attest. Although children in all three groups overestimated the number of words that they would recall
