ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Urban settlements are complex systems that provoke challenges in estimating probable impacts of external disturbances such as natural hazards. There is a need of developing new integrated approaches to reveal interactions among sub-systems to fill the gaps in risk assessment. It is worthy to note that the consequences of indirect losses and collateral hazards can be greater than the first shock because of the inherent features of urban system. Therefore, this paper opens the discussion on cascading and unprecedented effects of disasters on the Istanbul case, to point out less probable but more destructive incidents due to a major earthquake.
