ABSTRACT
The theories of motivation discussed thus far, particularly those evolving from the observation of human behavior, have stressed the importance of intrapersonal dynamics. Motivators labelled libido, drive, tension, or need activate the organism, with pleasure attained when the goal is reached. Goal attainment often involves the re-establishment of internal equilibrium. Furthermore, there are inhibitors to goal attainment, such as defense mechanisms, barriers in the environment, or fear of failing, that create conflict and frustration. The individual thus is portrayed as in a constant state of battle, attempting to attain happiness in the face of repeated, and often unattainable, internal commands and wishes.
