ABSTRACT
Any post-bipolar ‘peace dividend’ was shattered after a short decade by the ‘global’ shocks of 9/11 in the USA in 2001, then 7/7 in the UK in 2005. Subsequent ‘wars on terrorism’ and interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan have complicated previously rather simplistic or idealistic notions of peacekeeping roles and partnerships for post-conflict reconstruction, as articulated in the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS 2001).