ABSTRACT
In a classical formulation, B = f(P, S), that is, behavior is a function of factors within the individual organism and factors outside the organism. This formulation is, of course, a simplification for ease of conceptualizing. We all take it for granted that the effects of determinants originating outside the organism are mediated within the organism, that only influences within the organism's neural system directly affect behavior. Because we cannot observe those immediate influences, we construe some influences in terms of their sources outside the organism. Also, this formulation omits interactions between P and S. It is argued later that such interactions are best construed in terms of separate but related statements for different groups of persons.
