ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the authors look in some detail at the work of two important psychologists: Carl Jung and Anna Freud. They consider more recent theory and research on learned helplessness, and cognition and emotion. The authors also consider observational learning in more detail. Albert Bandura focused on observational learning and self-efficacy to predict behaviour. The authors briefly look at work on learned helplessness and implicit self-judgement concepts. M.E.P. Seligman developed a theory of depression based on the idea of learned helplessness. The implicit self-judgements that people make about their abilities as fixed or changeable may have far-reaching consequences throughout life, especially in relation to success or failure at work and in a career as an adult. Overall, the social cognitive learning approaches, despite some shortcomings, have provided theory, empirical research and a range of practical applications that have benefited people.
